EnVision aerobraking in Venus atmosphere. Credit: ESA/ Paris Observatory / VR2Planets / Damia Bouic
EnVision, a project of the European Space Agency (ESA), is a mission to
” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{” attribute=””>Venus that will perform optical, spectral and radar mapping of Earth’s sister planet. However, before getting down to work the van-sized spacecraft needs to ‘aerobrake’ – lowering its orbit with thousands of passages through the planet’s hot, thick atmosphere for up to two years. A unique ESA facility is currently testing candidate spacecraft materials to verify if they can safely withstand this challenging process of atmospheric surfing.
“EnVision as currently conceived cannot take place without this lengthy phase of aerobraking,” explains ESA’s EnVision study manager Thomas Voirin.
Artist impression of ESA’s EnVision mission. Credit: ESA/VR2Planets/Damia Bouic
“The spacecraft will be injected into Venus orbit at a very high altitude, at approximately 250,000 km (~150,000 miles), then we need to get down to a 500 km (~300 mile) altitude polar orbit for science operations. Flying on an Ariane 62 rocket, we cannot afford all the extra propellant it would take to lower our orbit. Instead we will slow ourselves down through repeated passes through the upper atmosphere of Venus, coming as low as 130 km (80 miles) from the surface.”
Artist impression of ESA’s EnVision mission at Venus. EnVision needs to ‘aerobrake’ through Venus’ atmosphere. Credit: ESA/VR2Planets/DamiaBouic
EnVision’s predecessor spacecraft, Venus Express, performed experimental aerobraking during the final months of its mission in 2014, gathering valuable data on the technique. Aerobraking was used operationally for the first time in 2017 by ESA’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) to lower its orbit around the Red Planet over an 11 month period.
Samples of candidate materials for different parts of the EnVision spacecraft were subjected to simulated aerobraking conditions including orbital-velocity atomic oxygen and heat flux using ESA’s LEOX facility. Credit: ESA
Thomas notes: “Aerobraking around Venus is going to be much more challenging than for TGO. To begin with, the gravity of Venus is about 10 times higher than that of 
Space Shuttle Endeavour’s tail aglow with atomic oxygen, as seen during the STS-99 mission in February 2000. Highly erosive atomic oxygen turned out to eat away at unprotected thermal blankets during early Shuttle missions, until countermeasures were put in place. Credit: NASA
Spectral observations by past Venus orbiters of airglow above the planet confirm that atomic oxygen is widespread at the top of the Venusian atmosphere too, which is more than 90 times thicker than Earth’s surrounding air.
Thomas says: “The concentration is quite high, with one pass it doesn’t matter so much but over thousands of times it starts to accumulate and ends up with a level of atomic oxygen fluence we have to take account of, equivalent to what we experience in low-Earth orbit, but at higher temperatures.”
ESA’s new LEOX, Low Earth Orbit Facility, being fired for the first time in April 2017. This new simulator that fires a laser to generate ‘atomic oxygen’ normally encountered only in low orbits – and known to eat away at satellite surfaces. LEOX generates atomic oxygen at energy levels that are equivalent to orbital speed – 7.8 km/s – to simulate the space environment as closely as possible. It can also test at a higher flow, saving time and money for testing. Purified molecular oxygen is injected into a vacuum chamber with a pulsing laser beam focused onto it. With a purple flash each time the laser is fired, the oxygen is converted into a hot plasma whose rapid expansion is channeled along a conical nozzle. It then dissociates to form a highly energetic beam of atomic oxygen. The new facility is housed in the Materials and Electrical Components Laboratory, one of a suite of labs at ESA’s technical center in the Netherlands, devoted to simulating every aspect of the space environment. Credit: ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
The EnVision team turned to a unique European facility specifically built by ESA to simulate atomic oxygen in orbit. The Low Earth Orbit Facility, LEOX, is part of the Agency’s Materials and Electrical Components Laboratory, based at ESA’s ESTEC technical center in the Netherlands.
ESA materials engineer Adrian Tighe explains: “LEOX generates atomic oxygen at energy levels that are equivalent to orbital speed. Purified molecular oxygen is injected into a vacuum chamber with a pulsing laser beam focused onto it. This converts the oxygen into a hot 
EnVision candidate materials samples exposed to atomic oxygen in ESA’s LEOX generator. Credit: ESA
